1) gastrin- produced by endocrine cells in the stomach and upper small intestine. Stimulates acid and pepsinogen secretion in the stomach as well as the pancrease, bile, gallbladder, and intestine.
cholecystokinin- produced by endocrine cells in the small intestine. Stimulates pancreatic enzymes, bicarbonate secretion, gallbladder contraction, and the release of bile into the small intestine.
secretin- produced by endocrine cells in the small intestine. Stimulates pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and water.
gastric inhibitory peptide- produced in the small intestine. Neutralizes stomach acid to protect the small intestine and induces insulin production
2) The neuromuscular reflexes in the GI tract are controlled by the movement of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine that stimulate GI contractions and peristalsis. The reflexes can also be triggered by hormones which take longer to create a reaction but have longer lasting effects.
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