blogging for Monday and Tuesday's questions

Monday and Tuesday’s Blogging Questions

Monday-Osmotic diarrhea happens when there is too much water that gets into the bowels. This can happen when digestion is hurried and incomplete or because of diseases, in which the nutrients are left in the lumen to pull in water. Probiotics or good bacteria can counteract osmotic diarrhea. Good bacteria aids in digestion to overcome diarrhea.

Tuesday-
1) The true hormones of the GI tract are gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide.

Gastrin is produced by endocrine cells in stomach and upper part of small intestine. Gastrin stimulates acid secretion by parietal cells in stomach,
stimulates pepsinogen secretion by chief cells in stomach, stimulates pancreas, bile, gallbladder, intestine. Gastrin is released by protein, distension, via the vagus nerve
and is inhibited by acid in stomach.

Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells in small intestine. Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate secretion, stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of bile into small intestine, inhibits gastric emptying due to byproducts of fats or proteins in small intestine and also inhibits gastric acid secretion.

Secretin is produced by endocrine cells in the small intestine. Secretin stimulates pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and water, is released by acid in small intestine,
inhibits gastric emptying and secretion of acid and increases biliary secretion of bicarbonate and water.

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is produced by endocrine cells in the small intestine. GIP
stimulates insulin release from the b cells of pancreas, is released by mostly fat and partly carbohydrates in small intestine, and inhibit’s the release of HCl from parietal cells of stomach.

2) The neuromuscular reflexes in the GI tract are stimulated by the vagus nerve. Several factors control GI function including the true hormones mentioned above, peptides and extrinsic nerves to the GI tract and intrinsic nerves in the GI tract. The extrinsic nerves to the GI tract are part of the autonomic nervous system, which include the parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. The intrinsic nerves in the GI tract are part of the enteric nervous system, which include the myenteric plexus and the sub mucosal plexus. Most of the GI tract walls are made up of smooth muscle.